Sanitary towels, also known as sanitary pads, are essential menstrual hygiene products used by millions of women around the world. They are designed to absorb menstrual flow and provide comfort and protection during periods. Traditionally, these towels have been made from disposable materials, often involving a combination of paper, plastic, and absorbent gels. However, in recent years, there has been a resurgence in the use of fabric-based sanitary towels, primarily driven by environmental concerns and a growing awareness of the potential health impacts of conventional disposable pads.This article explores the differences between paper-based and fabric-based sanitary towels, focusing on their composition, usage, environmental impact, and how they may affect women’s health.Composition of Paper-Based Sanitary TowelsPaper-based sanitary towels, commonly referred to as disposable sanitary pads, are typically made from a combination of wood pulp, synthetic fibers, superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), and polyethylene or polypropylene plastic. The core of these pads contains highly processed wood pulp and SAPs, which are designed to absorb and retain menstrual fluid. The outer layer, which comes into contact with the skin, is often made of a soft, non-woven fabric made from synthetic fibers.

These pads are usually treated with chemicals to enhance absorbency, whiten the material, and improve odor control. Common chemicals include chlorine, used in the bleaching process, and fragrances, which are added to mask menstrual odors.Health Impacts of Paper-Based Sanitary TowelsThe use of paper-based sanitary towels raises several health concerns due to the materials and chemicals involved in their production:Chemical Exposure: The bleaching process used in manufacturing these towels can leave traces of dioxins and furans, which are toxic compounds linked to various health issues, including endocrine disruption, immune system impairment, and certain cancers. Although the levels of these compounds in sanitary towels are generally low, long-term exposure through repeated use is a potential concern.Allergic Reactions and Skin Irritation: Some women may experience allergic reactions or skin irritation due to the synthetic materials, dyes, and fragrances used in these pads. Prolonged contact with these substances can lead to discomfort, rashes, or even dermatitis, particularly in women with sensitive skin.Impact on Vaginal Health: The non-breathable nature of the plastic materials used in paper-based pads can create a moist and warm environment, which may encourage the growth of bacteria and yeast. This can increase the risk of infections, such as bacterial vaginosis or yeast infections, especially when pads are not changed frequently.Composition of Fabric-Based Sanitary TowelsFabric-based sanitary towels, often referred to as reusable cloth pads, are made from natural fibers such as cotton, bamboo, or hemp. These pads typically consist of multiple layers of fabric designed to absorb menstrual flow. The outer layer, which comes into contact with the skin, is usually made of soft, breathable material like cotton or bamboo, while the inner layers provide absorbency and leak protection.Some cloth pads also feature a waterproof backing, often made from materials like polyurethane laminate (PUL), to prevent leakage.Health Impacts of Fabric-Based Sanitary TowelsFabric-based sanitary towels offer several health benefits over their disposable counterparts:

Reduced Chemical Exposure: Since cloth pads are made from natural fibers and typically do not undergo the same chemical processing as disposable pads, they contain fewer potentially harmful substances. This reduces the risk of chemical exposure and related health issues, such as endocrine disruption and allergic reactions.Breathability and Comfort: The natural fibers used in cloth pads are more breathable than the synthetic materials in disposable pads, allowing for better air circulation. This helps to reduce moisture buildup and the associated risks of bacterial and yeast infections. The soft, natural fabrics are also less likely to cause skin irritation or rashes, making them a comfortable option for women with sensitive skin.Cost and Environmental Benefits: Cloth pads are reusable and can last for several years with proper care. This makes them a cost-effective option in the long run and significantly reduces the amount of menstrual waste generated. By using cloth pads, women can decrease their environmental footprint, as these pads do not contribute to landfill waste or the pollution associated with the production and disposal of disposable sanitary towels.Menstrual Health Awareness: Many women who switch to cloth pads report becoming more in tune with their menstrual health. The practice of washing and caring for reusable pads can promote a greater awareness of one’s menstrual cycle, leading to more informed choices about menstrual health and hygiene.Considerations and Potential Drawbacks of Fabric-Based Sanitary TowelsWhile fabric-based sanitary towels offer numerous health and environmental benefits, there are some considerations and potential drawbacks to be aware of:Hygiene and Care: Reusable cloth pads require regular washing and proper care to maintain hygiene. If not washed thoroughly or dried properly, cloth pads can harbor bacteria, leading to infections. It’s essential to follow proper cleaning guidelines, which typically involve rinsing the pad in cold water, washing it with mild detergent, and ensuring it is fully dried before reuse.Convenience: Unlike disposable pads, cloth pads need to be carried and washed after each use, which can be less convenient, especially for women with busy lifestyles or those without easy access to laundry facilities. This inconvenience may deter some women from switching to fabric-based pads.Initial Cost: While cloth pads are cost-effective in the long term, the initial investment can be higher than purchasing a pack of disposable pads. However, this cost is offset over time as cloth pads can be reused for several years.Environmental Impact of Sanitary TowelsThe environmental impact of sanitary towels is another critical consideration in the debate between paper-based and fabric-based options.Paper-Based Sanitary Towels: These pads contribute significantly to environmental pollution. Most disposable pads are made from non-biodegradable materials like plastic and superabsorbent polymers, which can take hundreds of years to decompose in landfills. The production process also consumes significant resources, including water, energy, and raw materials. Additionally, the packaging and disposal of used pads contribute to environmental waste.Fabric-Based Sanitary Towels: Cloth pads are a more sustainable choice as they are reusable and made from natural, biodegradable materials. By opting for reusable cloth pads, women can reduce the amount of menstrual waste they generate, lessening their environmental footprint. However, the production of natural fibers like cotton does have its own environmental impact, particularly in terms of water usage and pesticide application. Therefore, choosing organic or sustainably produced fabric pads can further minimize environmental harm.