Also see: Leonardo da Vinci manuscripts did not pledge the human renaissance that there are common dimensions between science and arts, but innovation and creativity in Leonardo studies in science and engineering are close to what is present in his artwork sometimes. [48] These studies were recorded in 13,000 pages of drawings and blogs that bring art with the philosophy of nature, making Leonardo the pioneer of modern science. Leonardo wrote these studies and preserved these studies during his life and he is a permanent observation of the details of the world around him. [48] These drawings and observations show a tremendous diversity in interests and preoccupations, and these concerns ranged from the usual from the list of purchases and the list of debtors who owe it with money and the interesting interests such as wings designs and walking shoes on water. Its papers included paintings, studies of fabrics, fashion designs, studies of faces, feelings, animals, infants, studies in anatomy, plants, rock formations, swirls, war machines, aviation and engineering machines. [48] The page shows Leonardo’s study of the fetus in the womb (around 1510), and it is preserved in the Royal Library of Windsor Castle, Leonardo, after his death in his notebooks and notes that were unorganized papers of various sizes and types, to his student and his successor Francesco Melze. [139] However, the difficulty and hardship are the most important anticipation of these books, due to the uncommon style of Leonardo in writing and the nature of the scope in which these thinkers revolve. [140] Around 1570, an artist from Milan copied some of Leonardo’s paintings as part of a thesis on art. [141] Melzzy died in 1570 and moved after the paper groups that Leonardo left to the son of Melissy, lawyer Ortsio, who first took care of these posts at first. [139] In the house of Melze, a private teacher named Lilo Javardi, who took thirteen manuscripts to Pisa in 1587; Engineer Giovanni Magneta in Biza and his blame for his action in violation of the law and returned the manuscripts to Orangeo. As a result of Orangeo, many of the works similar to the manuscripts, gifted the thirteen manuscripts of Maginta. And the news spread about those lost works for Leonardo, Orangeo influenced the retrieval of seven of the thirteen manuscripts, and gave them to Pompeo Leoni to publish them in two parts and one of these two parts was the Atlantics manuscript. As for the other six manuscripts, they were distributed among a few individuals. [142] After the death of Ortsio, his heirs sold the rest of Leonardo’s property, and so he began to disperse and disappear. [143] Da Vinci’s work found its way to show in major groups such as: the Royal Library of Windsor Castle, the Louvre Museum, the Spanish National Library, the Victoria Museum, Albert, the Imperuziana Library in Milan and the British Library in London. It is worth noting that the Atlantics manuscript, which includes twelve volumes, is located in the Imperuziana Library, and that the British Library allowed a selection of Arundel constitution online (the British Library, Arundel manuscript, 263). [144] Leonardo’s works were separated that some of them are in Holkham Hall [English] and Metropolitan Museum, and even some of them have become a special ownership of John Nicholas Brown I and Robert Lehman. [139] The only great scientific author who has become a special property is the Leicester manuscript, owned by Bill Gates and is once displayed in a year in different cities around the world. Leonardo was a family, and the inverted writing prevailed over the way he recorded his observations and explanations, [145] [53] His writings were from right to left and in connected letters. And explain the topics on one page, obeying the words and pictures to communicate information, which made the possibility of losing ideas and information excluded if published without arrangement. [149] Leonardo’s work was not published during his life, and this is still unknown. [48] دراساته العلمية عدل المقالة الرئيسة: علوم واختراعات ليوناردو دا فينتشي اثنا عشري سطوح معيني مقطوع كما رسمه ليوناردو في كتاب باتشولي النسبية الذهبية، الذي نشر عام 1509. اتخذ ليوناردو من الملاحظة نهجًا علميًا؛ He tried to study phenomena by describing and photographing their accurate details without resorting to experience or theoretical explanations. However, his contemporaries from the scholars did not pay attention to his personality as a scientist and what this character offers, because he lacked official education in the Latin language and mathematics, although he learned Latin self. He studied mathematics by Luka Bachouli in the 1990s AD and equipped a series of illustrative drawings for regular polygons that form structures and figures, in order to engrave these drawings on chips for use in a book of Batcholi published in 1509 his golden relative. [48] In the period he lived in Milan, he studied light from the summit of Monte Rosa. [72] His scientific writing in his books and chairs also indicates his mark in the beginnings of the science of research [150] [151] and thus he was called the father of fossil antiquities. [152] The content of Leonardo’s diaries showed that he planned a series of theses in various fields and topics. It was said that one of these theses was a thesis interrelated from the anatomy, supervised by the Cardinal Secretary Luigi Dragona in 1517. [153] His student Melzi collected his studies on anatomy, light and landscapes and published it in a book entitled a thesis on drawing in 1651 in France and Italy while published in Germany in 1724, [154] The thesis included inscriptions made by the classic painter Nicolas Busan based on the drawings of Leonardo. [155] That thesis, which was published in France, reached sixty -two editions for fifty years, which made “Leonardo seen as the origin of the French academic view of art,” according to Daniel Arras. [48] Although Leonardo followed the scientific methods in his experiences, a modern and comprehensive analysis of the scientist Fritiof Kabra discussed the nature of Leonardo as a scientist, and he sees as a different kind of scientists known as the Vellelo, Newton and other scholars who followed him, as he fed his theories and hypotheses with art, especially drawing as a man of the Renaissance. 156] His observations in anatomy and physiology are modified anatomical study of the talented (Q. 1510). Leonardo began studying the anatomy of the human body during his training at Andrea Del Freukio, as Andrea needed his students to understand and know the field in which they would draw. [157] Leonardo mastered the topographic anatomy that studies the human body by dividing it into areas, and as a painter, he managed to master this field quickly, and painted many anatomical structures such as muscles, tendons, and others. Leonardo was given permission to dissect human bodies at the new Saint Mary Hospital in Florence and later in Milan Hospital Warma, thanks to his fame as a successful painter. In his studies, he collaborated with doctor Marcantonio del Della Toure from 1510 to 1511. Leonardo drew more than 240 detailed paintings and wrote more than 13,000 words on anatomy thesis. [158] A small part of the material prepared by Leonardo was published in anatomy in a thesis on drawing. [140] While Melzi was classifying that material into chapters with the aim of publishing it, a number of anatomy experts and painters such as Vasari, Chilini and Albrchm Dorm, who drew a number of paintings using Leonardo paintings. [140] A preliminary drawing of the human brain and skulls of the year (1510). Leonardo’s drawings in the field of anatomy included many studies of the bone generation of the human body and its parts, muscles and tendons. He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscle strength that controls it in a similar thing to what is today known as biological mechanics. [159] Draw the heart, blood vessels, genital organs, and other internal organs, and draw the first scientific panel for the human fetus in the womb of his mother. [160] These drawings and blogs were previously for their era in stages, and if they were published at the time, a major contribution to medical sciences was made. [158] المرية Vitrivated man, 1485, Academy Exhibition in Venice, and Leonardo also recorded the effect of age and human emotions, specifically anger on his functions. Draw signs of diseases and facial abnormalities as they appear on people. [48] [160] He studied and drew an autopsy, so he explained cows, birds, monkeys, bears and frogs, and his drawings in this context presented a comparison between the anatomical structure of these animals and the anatomy of humans. In addition to a number of studies on horses. [160] The documents and autopsy of the muscles, nerves and vessels that Leonardo carried out the functions and mechanics of the body’s movement. He tried to know the source of human emotions and expressions issued by him. He concluded that it is difficult to integrate the current perception of the body’s systems with the theories of the four mixtures, but in the end he left the explanations of the physical functions and trying to explain them. He recorded in his observations that the site of the mixture is not the brain cavities, ventricular system, heart, or liver, and he saw that the heart is the one that determines the work of the rotation system. He was the first to define arteriosclerosis and cirrhosis. It built a model of brain ventricles using melted wax and a glass model of aortic artery with the aim of noticing the blood flow pattern through the aortic valve using water and herbal seeds. These works are in the science of anatomy and member functions published by the Belgian physician Vesaleuus in the book of the human body structure in 1543. [161] One of the most famous Da Vinci drawings in anatomy is: the Phanto -Man Panel (Q. 1485), which is concerned with studying the proportions of the human body. The painting represents two naked men in a crossing position, one in a circle and the other inside the square. The drawing was done on the basis of the ideal dimensions of a person, which was explained by the Romanian engineer Vitrovio, who was to his name, the painting was attributed to the “Vitrof man”. The painting is preserved in the graphics and publications cabinet in the Academy Exhibitions Museum in Venice, Italy, under reference 228. Like most works designed on paper, it is shown to the public from time to time only, so it is not part of the usual display in the museum. [162] [163] The painting was recently shown at the Louvre Vinchi Business Museum, from October 24, 2019 to February 24, 2020 as part of an agreement between France and Italy. [164] [165] His inventions and codes in engineering are justice a planning drawing of a flying machine (around 1488), which was first presented in a manuscript folder of birds ’flying [English]. The atmosphere (around 1489), which resembles the initial model of a helicopter, from the Atlantics manuscript. Leonardo also excelled in engineering and became famous as an engineer during his life, using the rational and analytical approach he followed in studying and excluding the human body and anatomy, so he studied and designed a stunning number of machines and tools. I produced unparalleled perfection, the first form of modern technical drawing, including the technique